Table of Contents
How do peroxysomes protect the cell from oxidative stress?
The peroxiredoxins play an important role in cellular protection against oxidative stress and in cell signalling [79]. The expression of thioredoxins is induced by the ligand activation of PPARα while overexpression of thioredoxins inhibits the PPARα activity suggesting an auto-regulatory mechanism [80].
Is peroxisome in bacteria?
Summary: Peroxisomes are required for cells in the innate immune response to bacteria and fungi. Now scientists have found that peroxisomes are necessary for proper functioning of the innate immune system, the body’s first line of defense against microorganisms.
What is mycobacterial pathogenesis?
Pathogenic mycobacteria, including the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. A hallmark of these pathogens is their tendency to establish chronic infections that produce similar pathologies in a variety of hosts.
How is homeostasis affected by tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis disrupts homeostasis because it causes dysfunction of the respiratory system. Tuberculosis infects the lung tissue.
What are the 4 functions of peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes are organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling. Oxidative pathways housed in peroxisomes include fatty acid β-oxidation, which contributes to embryogenesis, seedling growth, and stomatal opening.
What are the virulence factors of Mycobacterium?
Phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) and phenolic glycolipids (PGL) include a group of related cell wall lipids, non-covalently bounded to the mycobacterial surface. PDIM and PLG are major virulence factors of mycobacteria.
How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis evade the immune system?
We found that M. tuberculosis produces cell envelope glycolipids that are antagonists of a macrophage receptor, named TLR2, which is dedicated to the recognition of pathogens, thereby preventing its efficient recognition by the immune system.
How does TB affect the respiratory system?
tb infection because they cause airway inflammation driving airway obstruction, making airways smaller which increases air velocity and displaces air to unobstructed areas.
How does tuberculosis affect the body?
The general symptoms of TB disease include feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The symptoms of TB disease of the lungs also include coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood. Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area affected.
What happens when cytoplasm malfunctions?
Without the cytoplasm all the organelles would move around and damage the cell. Without the cytoplasm giving the cell shape and support the cells would be weak.
What are the 4 components of cytoplasm?
4 Main Components of the Cytoplasm (With Diagram)
- Cytoplasm: Component # 1. Groundplasm or Cytoplasmic Matrix:
- Cytoplasm: Component # 2. The Organoids or Organelles:
- Cytoplasm: Component # 3. Ergastic Substances or Cytoplasmic Inclusions:
- Cytoplasm: Component # 4. Vacuole:
What is the major role of peroxisome in our body?
Peroxisomes are specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. They generate hydrogen peroxide, which they use for oxidative purposes—destroying the excess by means of the catalase they contain.
Which one of these secretion systems is used by Mycobacterium and it is also important in virulence?
In mycobacteria, four phospholipase C enzymes are known to be secreted by the TAT secretion system and have been shown to have a role in virulence (7).
Which immune evasion mechanisms are associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections?
Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits apoptosis and triggers necrosis of host macrophages to evade innate immunity and delay the initiation of adaptive immunity. By contrast, attenuated M. tuberculosis induces macrophage apoptosis, an innate defence mechanism that reduces bacterial viability.
What body systems are affected by tuberculosis?
TB usually affects the lungs but it can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain, lymph nodes, kidneys, bones, joints, larynx, intestines or eyes. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: TB infection and TB disease.
What are peroxiredoxins and how do they work?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Peroxiredoxins (Prxs, EC 1.11.1.15; HGNC root symbol PRDX) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes that also control cytokine -induced peroxide levels and thereby mediate signal transduction in mammalian cells. The family members in humans are PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX3, PRDX4, PRDX5, and PRDX6.
What is the pathophysiology of peroxiredoxin knockout mice?
Peroxiredoxin 6 knockout mice are viable and do not display obvious gross pathology, but are more sensitive to certain exogenous sources of oxidative stress, such as hyperoxia. Peroxiredoxin 3 (mitochondrial matrix peroxiredoxin) knockout mice are viable and do not display obvious gross pathology.
Does acceptor availability control nuclear expression of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-a in Arabidopsis thaliana?
“The acceptor availability at photosystem I and ABA control nuclear expression of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-A in Arabidopsis thaliana”. Plant Cell Physiol. 45 (8): 997–1006. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pch114.