Table of Contents
Is glucagonoma associated with diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus occurs in patients with glucagonoma because of the lack of equilibrium between insulin production and glucagon production (which occurs when high serum levels of glucagon and normal levels of insulin exist or when insulin production is reduced and a normal glucagon level is present).
What is pancreatic glucagonoma?
Glucagonomas are rare neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) that start in cells of the pancreas that make the hormone glucagon. They are a type of functioning NET of the pancreas.
What is Necrolytic migratory erythema?
Necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) is a characteristic skin rash most often associated with the glucagonoma, an alpha-cell tumor of the pancreatic islets. It is usually seen as a part of the glucagonoma syndrome, a paraneoplastic syndrome which includes the triad of diabetes mellitus, NME, and weight loss.
Why does glucagonoma cause anemia?
The anemia of the glucagonoma syndrome is charac- teristically normochromic and normocytic. The cause is unknown, but the anemia is related to the severity of the glucagonoma syndrome. Glucagon is a major catabolic hormone and may act directly on the marrow.
Why does glucagonoma cause Necrolytic migratory erythema?
Necrolytic migratory erythema is a cutaneous eruption usually associated with glucagonoma syndrome. This syndrome is caused by a slow-growing neoplasm, usually located in the pancreas, that secretes excessive amounts of glucagon.
Where is a glucagonoma located?
Glucagonomas are sporadic and rare. The annual occurrence is 0.01 to 0.1 new cases per 100,000[4]. They are typically large (greater than 3 cm) and located mainly in the tail or the body of the pancreas due to the high prevalence of alpha cells in this area. Over 50% are metastatic at the time of diagnosis.
How common is glucagonoma?
Glucagonomas are rare, with an annual incidence of 0.01 to 0.1 new cases per 1,000,000 [1]. Glucagonomas are usually solitary, and the majority are located in the distal pancreas.
Does glucagonoma cause diarrhea?
Chronic diarrhea is not a common feature in glucagonoma syndrome; however, its severity can lead to serious nutritional impairment and set a poor outcome.
How does glucagonoma cause DVT?
Conclusion: DVT is a common presentation in glucagonoma & a major cause of mortality. The possible mechanism appears to be related to increased secretion of factor X by pancreatic alpha cells (Lobo et al.). Although DVT is not unusual, an extensive CVST as the first presentation in glucagonoma has not been reported.
What is pancreatic panniculitis?
Pancreatic panniculitis is a rare skin manifestation associated with pancreatic disorders that presents in approximately 3% of patients with acute or chronic pancreatic disease [1]. The disorder most commonly develops on the lower legs as ill-defined erythematous subcutaneous nodules.
What is pancreatic arthritis?
Introduction. Pancreatitis, panniculitis and polyarthritis syndrome (PPP-syndrome) is a very rare symptom complex of extra pancreatic manifestations of pancreatitis with lobular panniculitis and (poly-) arthritis with intraosseous fat necrosis.
What is a glucagonoma?
Glucagonomas are rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that produce glucagon [61]. The patients’ clinical features include weight loss, glycose intolerance, and necrolytic migratory erythema, which is a skin rash involving the face, perineum, and extremities [62].
Which physical findings are characteristic of glucagonoma syndrome?
The glucagonoma syndrome consists of hyperglycemia, anorexia, glossitis, anemia, diarrhea, venous thrombosis, and a characteristic skin rash termed necrolytic migratory erythema (see Chapter 38).
What are the possible complications of glucagonoma?
Glucagonomas cause hypersecretion of glucagon. Glucagonomas can cause glucose intolerance, weight loss, diarrhea, migratory necrolytic erythema, glossitis, deep vein thrombi, and stomatitis (see Table 13-4 ).
How do you make a mnemonic for phosphofructokinase?
Moving to a wall, you make Dr. Phil the “foe” of Forrest Gump fighting over fruit to create a mnemonic for phosphofructokinase. Pyruvate kinase seems tricky at first glance, until you think about pyros lighting fire faster than karagroos can battle Darth Vader.