Table of Contents
How does steep slope affect infiltration?
The results show that, under the condition of equal horizontal projective lengths so that all slopes receive the same amount of rainfall, infiltration increases with increasing slope gradients and runoff decreases.
Why do steep slopes reduce infiltration?
On the steeper slopes, the soil depth is less and hence, there is a greater reduction in the infiltration capacity with the same amount of rainfall. The decrease in depression storage means that less infiltration excess is required to initiate overland flow.
How does steep slope influence infiltration and runoff?
The steeper the slope and the less rapid the water infiltration rate, the more rapid the water runoff rate for a given soil. Soils having granular structure and high porosity have slower water runoff rates than do soils with massive structure and low porosity.
Does slope increase infiltration?
Infiltration under unsteady rainfall was found to be similar to cases with steady rainfall. Both theoretical and numerical results show that infiltration increases with increasing slope angle.
How does slope angle affect infiltration rates?
Once the seal was well established at all slope angles, the dominant influence of slope angle was on overland flow depth and surface storage, and infiltration rate decreased with increasing slope angle.
Can steep slopes cause flooding?
Steep slopes tend to reduce the amount of infiltration of water into the ground, this water can then flow quickly down to rivers as overland flow. In addition, steep slopes also cause more through flow within the soil. Both can raise river levels.
Does the rate of infiltration change with position on slope?
For one thing, with the increase in slope, the soil infiltration rate will decrease, which can increase the runoff amount [15–17]. For the other, the effective rainfall obtained by the soil bin will decrease as the slope increases. Many researchers have analyzed the effect of slope on RRP. Agassi et al.
How does the gradient slope affect erosion?
Slope gradient greatly affects amount of surface water run-off and soil sediment loss. Soil erosion rates becomes acute when slope angle exceeds a critical value and then increases logarithmically. The slope gradient can have variable effect in different climatic zones, depending mainly on annual rainfall.
How does water flow on the steeper slopes?
Water flows more rapidly down a steep slope, leaving it less time to infiltrate than when it stands or moves slowly in a flat area. Land use. Vegetation traps much of the water and also loosens the soil, thus making infiltration easier.
How does slope angle affect soil moisture?
Slope angle influences infiltration, drainage and runoff; steeper slopes are likely to be drier than flat areas owing to lower infiltration rates, rapid subsurface drainage, and higher surface runoff.
How does slope affect precipitation?
Due to the difference in the impact angle of the raindrops on the windward and leeward sides, the windward side receives a greater amount of hydrological precipitation than the leeward side.
What are the factors affecting infiltration?
Factors that affect infiltration
- Precipitation. Precipitation can impact infiltration in many ways.
- Soil characteristics. The porosity of soils is critical in determining the infiltration capacity.
- Soil moisture content.
- Organic materials in soils.
- Land cover.
- Slope.
How does a steep slope affect soil?
The steep slope will increase the number and speed of runoff so that erosion will be accelerated due to more transported and dissolved materials [3]. Steeper slope will enhance the flow resulting a bigger power and amount of water to transport the soil.
How does the steepness of slope affect erosion?
Moreover, steep slope is assumed as a trigger of erosion [2]. The steep slope will increase the number and speed of runoff so that erosion will be accelerated due to more transported and dissolved materials [3]. Steeper slope will enhance the flow resulting a bigger power and amount of water to transport the soil.
How does slope affect flooding?
The longer the slope length, the greater the volume of water, flow speed, and inertia force. That is, the further the distance from the watershed line, the greater the kinetic energy of the flow, the higher the velocity of the flow leading to an increase in flood risk.
How does the slope of a hill affect erosion?
As the slope increases, the type of erosion changes, chiselling the ground into different shapes and thereby increasing the surface area – and hence the number of pores that can absorb water, at least in the initial phase.
How does slope affect erosion and deposition?
Lesson Summary. Water flowing over Earth’s surface or underground causes erosion and deposition. Water flowing over a steeper slope moves faster and causes more erosion.
What types of slopes allow water to infiltrate most easily?
Terms in this set (32) The steeper the slope, the less infiltration and more runoff. The greater the soil is saturated with water, the less infiltration and the more runoff. The more permeably the ground, the more water that can infiltrate and the less runoff.
How much does slope affect infiltration rate?
Infiltration rates were computed from runoff rates and rainfall intensity. As slope increased from 2% to 8%, infiltration decreased from 1 to 0.5 mm h −1 for low intensity natural rains, from 4 to 1 mm h −1 for 8 mm h −1 natural rain, and from 15 to 5 mm h −1 for 50 mm h −1 artificial rainfall.
How far apart should infiltration lines be on a slope?
For 30 degree slopes, the infiltration lines can be spaced 8 or 10 feet apart. A 45-degree slope can accommodate infiltration lines 6 or 8 feet apart. For 60-degree slopes, the infiltration lines will need to be 4 or 5 feet apart.
What is the relationship between soil infiltration and cos γ?
There is growing laboratory evidence that the reduction in infiltration occurs beyond the cos γ factor expected during steady saturated conditions. This is especially prominent for infiltration over bare slopes and for clay soils, and becomes less prominent for vegetated surfaces and sandy soils.
What factors control the process of infiltration in soil?
Introduction The process of infiltration is controlled by many factors, including soil depth and geomorphology, soil hydraulic properties, and rainfall or climatic properties.