Table of Contents
What is an apical thrombus?
For the purpose of this paper our definition of an apical mural thrombus is a distinct mass of echoes, most commonly seen in the apex throughout the cardiac cycle, and in more than one view. Mural thrombi are most commonly seen between six and 10 days following an acute myocardial infarction (MI).
How is LV thrombus diagnosed?
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the gold standard technique for detecting thrombus of the left atrium or left atrial appendage although TTE is also widely used for excluding LV thrombus in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
What causes cardiac thrombus?
Coronary artery thrombus occurs due to rupture or erosion of preexisting coronary artery plaque, resulting in the artery’s complete occlusion. [1] It manifests clinically as an acute coronary syndrome, including ST-elevation MI, Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina[2].
What is a apical aneurysm?
Apical aneurysms are outpouchings at the apex of the left ventricle, described as discrete, thin-walled dyskinetic or akinetic segments of the most distal portion of the ventricular chamber (Figure).
How common is LV thrombus?
There are limited data on the exact frequency of LV thrombus in PCI treated AMI patients. Two studies found LV thrombus formation in 5.4% and 7.1% of patients with acute anterior wall myocardial infarctions.
What makes up a thrombus?
A thrombus (plural thrombi), colloquially called a blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis. There are two components to a thrombus: aggregated platelets and red blood cells that form a plug, and a mesh of cross-linked fibrin protein.
How long does it take for an LV thrombus to dissolve?
The LV thrombus size was reduced in 121 (76.1%) cases with total resolution in 99 (62.3%) within a median of 103 days (interquartile range, 32-392 days).
How do you know if you have a blood clot in your heart?
A blood clot in the heart or lungs could include symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and upper body discomfort in the arms, back, neck, or jaw, suggesting a heart attack or pulmonary embolism (PE).
Is thrombosis life threatening?
Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries. Symptoms include pain and swelling in one leg, chest pain, or numbness on one side of the body. Complications of thrombosis can be life-threatening, such as a stroke or heart attack.
How serious is apical aneurysm?
Furthermore, in a recent review, Jan et al2 reported overall mortality in patients with apical aneurysms of 9% to 10.5% over a mean/median follow-up of 2 to 6.5 years.
How long do you anticoagulation for LV thrombus?
Various societal guidelines recommend 3 to 6 months of anticoagulation (AC) with warfarin (or up till thrombus resolution) [3,4,5]. However, there is a lack of good evidence to guide these recommendations. All guidelines recommend using vitamin K antagonists.
What are the signs and symptoms of thrombosis?
Depending on the location of the thrombus or blood clot, thrombosis may include pain and warmth in the area of the clot, or chest pain and difficulty breathing if the clot is near the lungs, among other symptoms. Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot obstructs the blood vessels. There are two types of thrombosis:
What is apical thrombus in the heart?
Apical thrombus in the presence of normal apical contractions, endocardial thickening, and preserved left ventricular systolic function with restrictive-type diastolic filling, together with the presence of hypereosinophilia, reminded us of Löffler endocarditis.
What are the symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Deep vein thrombosis can cause leg pain or swelling but also can occur with no symptoms. You can get DVT if you have certain medical conditions that affect how your blood clots.
What is an apical mural thrombus?
For the purpose of this paper our definition of an apical mural thrombus is a distinct mass of echoes, most commonly seen in the apex throughout the cardiac cycle, and in more than one view. Mural thrombi are most commonly seen between six and 10 days following an acute myocardial infarction (MI).