Table of Contents
What is the vector for yaws?
Summary: Yaws is a tropical disease that infects the skin, bones and cartilage. It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue.
How is Treponematosis transmitted?
Transmission typically occurs via direct skin-to-skin contact of lesions, which are infectious. Bejel is transmitted skin to skin but can also be transmitted mouth to mouth and on fomites (eg, via shared eating utensils or cups).
Can Treponema be Gram stained?
Clinical samples of Treponema are ideally observed with a dark field or a phase contrast microscope. Treponema cells are gram-negative, but most of the strains do not take up stain easily by Gram staining or Giemsa staining. Silver impregnation stain and Ryu’s stain are better for the observation of Treponema cells.
What is yaws caused by?
Yaws is a chronic skin infection characterized by papillomas (noncancerous lumps) and ulcers. It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, which belongs to the same group of bacteria that causes venereal syphilis.
Where is Treponema Pertenue found?
The causative organism, Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, is closely related genetically to T. pallidum subspecies pallidum, which causes syphilis, bejel and pinta. The disease is found primarily in poor communities in warm, humid and tropical forest areas of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Pacific.
What is the difference between yaws and syphilis?
Syphilis is usually transmitted sexually and now has a global distribution. Yaws is characteristically an infection acquired during childhood through skin contact in remote regions of Africa, South Asia, and the Western Pacific islands.
How do you get pinta?
Pinta is a rare infectious tropical disease affecting the skin that is caused by the bacterium Treponema carateum, which is transmitted by direct, nonsexual contact. Pinta progresses through three distinct stages, which are characterized by various skin lesions and discoloration.
Is Treponema pallidum gram negative or gram positive?
Treponema pallidum is a Gram-negative micro-aerophilic bacterium, 6–20 μm long, 0.1–0.2 μm wide and tightly coiled. The treponemes are motile by three flagella (axial filaments) that wrap around the surface of the organism and are covered by the outer membrane which contains lipopolysaccharide.
Can Treponema pallidum be cultured?
Abstract. The bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, has now been cultured in vitro continuously for periods exceeding 3 years using a system consisting of coculture with Sf1Ep rabbit epithelial cells in TpCM-2 medium and a low-oxygen environment.
Where is Treponema pertenue found?
What is the vector of Treponema pallidum?
Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that cause syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted from person to person via direct contact with a syphilitic sore, known as a chancre.
What is Treponema pallidum pertenue?
Treponema pallium ssp. pallidum, henceforth referred to as T. pallidum, is the causative agent of syphilis, a multistage chronic disease with an estimated 8 million new cases per year [1].
Is Pinta an STD?
It is characterized by lesions of the skin and bones and is caused by a bacterium known as Treponema pallidum II. The infection is very similar to syphilis but is not sexually transmitted. Children with Bejel have patchy ulcerations on mucous membranes particularly in or near the mouth.
What is Mal del Pinto?
Mal del pinto is a dermatological disease characterized by discoloured patches of skin on the face and body. It has been present in what is now the territory of Mexico from before the Spanish conquest up to recent times.
What is the Gram stain for Treponema pallidum?
How is Treponema pallidum cultured?
T. pallidum can be cultivated in a variety of tissue culture vessels; 24-, 12-, and 6-well culture plates, and 25-, 75-, and 150-cm2 tissue culture flasks, have been used successfully to cultivate T. pallidum. Cultivation in suspension cultures of Sf1Ep cells in Magna–Flex flasks has also been successful.
Why can we culture Treponema pallidum?
Unlike most bacteria, the organism that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum, cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Due to this limitation, research on T. pallidum and syphilis has not benefited from new molecular approaches that have become available in recent years.
Where is Treponema pallidum from?
Endemic syphilis, caused by T pallidum subsp endemicum, is found in the desert areas of the Middle East and Central and South Africa. Transmission is through human-to-human nonsexual contact. Most cases are contracted by children past the age of two years.
What are the endemic treponematoses?
The endemic treponematoses include yaws ( Treponema pallidum subsp pertenue ), bejel ( T. pallidum subsp endemicum ), and pinta ( Treponema carateum) [ 1 ].
What is Treponema pallidum?
T. pallidum is one of several treponemal species associated with human disease. Pathogenic species belonging to the genus Treponema are responsible for yaws, endemic syphilis, pinta, periodontal disease, as well as venereal syphilis discussed here. T. pallidum is an obligate human parasite, with no animal or environmental reservoirs.
What is the structure of treponemes?
The treponemes are motile by three flagella (axial filaments) that wrap around the surface of the organism and are covered by the outer membrane which contains lipopolysaccharide. They impart the characteristic rapid axial rotation and bending around the centre.
What is the best stain for Treponema cells?
Silver impregnation stain and Ryu’s stain are better for the observation of Treponema cells. Presently, we commonly use the Congo red negative stain method, as it is not only economic and simple but the helical cells are also very easy to observe ( Figure 4.22 (A) ).