What can be detected using ion mobility spectrometry?
Ions of organic or inorganic compounds, elements, particles and organisms can be detected. IMS is especially sensitive to organic compounds such as illicit drugs, chemical and biological warfare agents and explosives.
How explosives are detected?
The use of colorimetric test kits for explosive detection is one of the most established, simplest, and most widely used methods for the detection of explosives. Colorimetric detection of explosives involves applying a chemical reagent to an unknown material or sample and observing a color reaction.
How does trapped ion mobility spectrometry work?
Conceptually, trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) represents the inversion of the conventional IMS experiment. That is, unlike drift tube IMS where ions are constantly pushed through a stationary gas by an electric field, TIMS utilizes an electric field to hold ions stationary against a moving gas.
How are explosive detection dogs trained?
ATF trained and certified canines learn explosives odor recognition through food and praise reward conditioning. This training methodology allows for a canine to be repeatedly exposed to various explosives odors daily, thus reinforcing these odors to the canine continually.
Why are dogs used to detect bombs?
Their keen sense of smell and fast response times allow them to hunt game in any location. They have impressive search and retrieval skills. They’re also quite energetic. These skills help them serve as bomb-sniffing dogs.
What does an ion mobility spectrometer do?
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique used to separate and identify ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas.
How does ion mobility mass spectrometry work?
Also known as field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) or RF-DC ion mobility spectrometry is a technique in which ions are separated by the application of a high-voltage asymmetric waveform at radio frequency (RF) combined with a static (DC) waveform applied between two electrodes.
How much does an explosive detection dog cost?
It costs roughly $46,000 to train a passenger-screening canine and handler. The dogs are taught to detect dozens of different threat-based odors.
How much does a bomb detection dog cost?
With terrorists increasingly attacking so-called soft targets, the demand for detection dogs that can sweep large areas for explosives has soared. So have prices, which can exceed $25,000 for a single dog.
Can plastic explosives be detected?
In fact plastic explosives are very good detected by particle detection because the mass of traces fixed by fingerprints on surfaces are fully sufficient for detection.
How are dogs trained to detect explosives?
Dogs that can detect explosives are smelling chemical vapors/volatiles and are trained to sniff specific areas of targeted objects. They might focus on a suitcase seam or the underbelly of a boxed-goods shipment because the chemical vapor is heavy and sinks.
How do sniffer dogs detect bombs?
Dogs smell bombs like they smell everything else. First, Brandy sniffed. Her sniff reshaped her nose so that air, including odors from the bomb, hit her odor receptors. The signal traveled from her nose to her somatosensory cortex, an area of the canine (and human) brain that processes sensations, including smells.