What is PTEN IHC?
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in a wide range of cancers. PTEN plays a role in cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration.
Is PTEN a nuclear stain?
In this particular sample, the intensity of nuclear PTEN staining in the majority of follicular cells is strong (graded +++ to ++); the intensity of cytoplasmic staining is weak (+), not greatly different from that of normal epithelial cells.
What is PTEN marker?
A PTEN genetic test looks for a change, known as a mutation, in a gene called PTEN. Genes are the basic units of heredity passed down from your mother and father. The PTEN gene helps stop the growth of tumors. It’s known as a tumor suppressor. A tumor suppressor gene is like the brakes on a car.
What is PTEN positive?
Your testing shows that you have a pathogenic mutation (a disease-causing change in the gene, like a spelling mistake) or a variant that is likely pathogenic in the PTEN gene. Both of these results should be considered positive.
What does PTEN gene do?
The PTEN gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that is found in almost all tissues in the body. The enzyme acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it helps regulate cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing (proliferating) too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way.
What does PTEN gene mean?
Causes. PHTS is caused by a germline mutation of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene. PTEN stands for phosphatase tensin homologue. A tumor suppressor is a gene that slows down cell division, repairs damage to the DNA of cells, and tells cells when to die, a normal process called apoptosis.
Is PTEN a kinase?
PI3-kinase and PTEN are major positive and negative regulators, respectively, of the PI3-kinase pathway, which regulates growth, survival, and proliferation.
How many people have PTEN?
Cowden syndrome was estimated to affect 1 in 200,000 individuals; this study was conducted just as PTEN was discovered. However, because the disorder is difficult to recognize, researchers believe it is under-diagnosed, making it difficult to determine its true frequency in the general population.
Which breast cancer cell lines show positive PTEN protein expression?
The breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 and ovarian cancer cell line IGROV-1 had no PTEN expression, whereas PTEN wild-type MCF7 and SKOV3 cell lines showed positive PTEN protein expression. Cell pellets were processed and embedded in paraffin using standard techniques.
What are the PTEN Interpretation Guidelines for endometrial carcinoma?
Endometrial carcinoma has frequent mutations in PTEN; the immunohistochemical expression of PTEN may be very different in cancer types with lower mutation frequencies or with alternative mechanisms of PTEN protein regulation. As with endometrial carcinoma, there are currently no guidelines for PTEN interpretation in other cancer types.
What is the PI3K/PTEN pathway in breast cancer?
The PI3K/PTEN pathway plays a major role in carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of this pathway occurs frequently in breast cancer, and loss of PTEN expression is emerging as a potentially important mechanism of resistance to the widely used anti-HER2 therapy, trastuzumab.
What is IHC used for in breast cancer?
IHC is used to show whether or not the cancer cells have HER2 receptors and/or hormone receptors on their surface. IHC, or ImmunoHistoChemistry, is a special staining process performed on fresh or frozen breast cancer tissue removed during biopsy.