What is a delayed transfusion reaction?

What is a delayed transfusion reaction?

Delayed transfusion or delayed serologic reactions occur in recipients with antibodies against red cell antigens which have been acquired through previous transfusion or pregnancy. Delayed serologic transfusion reaction is one in which the patient lacks the clinical features but exhibits the laboratory features.

What causes delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction?

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTR) are caused by an anamnestic antibody response in the recipient precipitated by re-exposure to a non-ABO red cell antigen previously introduced by transfusion, transplantation or pregnancy.

What are the factors responsible for blood transfusion reaction?

According to a 2012 article, septic transfusion reactions typically occur due to bacterial contamination of the donor blood components, most commonly from the platelet products. The bacteria in platelets that can cause a septic transfusion reaction include Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

What are the most commonly encountered immediate and delayed type transfusion reactions?

The most common immediate adverse reactions to transfusion are fever, chills and urticaria. The most potentially significant reactions include acute and delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions and bacterial contamination of blood products.

What is TA GVHD?

Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (ta-GVHD) is a rare and usually fatal complication of blood transfusion in which lymphocytes from the transfused blood component attack the recipient’s tissues, especially the skin, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract.

How is a delayed transfusion reaction treated?

Symptomatic patients experiencing DHTR can be immediately treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), adding erythropoietin (EPO) if the DHTR is also associated with reticulocytopenia. Prophylactic anticoagulation is administered to lower the risk of thrombosis associated with EPO administration.

What are the types of transfusion reactions?

Types of transfusion reactions include the following: acute hemolytic, delayed hemolytic, febrile non-hemolytic, anaphylactic, simple allergic, septic (bacterial contamination), transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), and transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO).

What are the two classes of transfusion reaction?

Reactions can occur during the transfusion (acute transfusion reactions) or days to weeks later (delayed transfusion reactions) and may be immunologic or non-immunologic.

What are the complications of transfusion reactions?

What are the currently known complications of blood transfusion?

• Early Complications:
• Hemolytic reactions (immediate and delayed)
• Non-hemolytic febrile reactions.
• Allergic reactions to proteins, IgA.
• Transfusion-related acute lung injury.
• Reactions secondary to bacterial contamination.
• Circulatory overload.
• Air embolism.

What are risk factors for TACO?

Risk factors for TACO are diseases that increase the amount of fluid a person has, including liver, heart, or kidney failure, as well as conditions that require many transfusions. High and low extremes of age are a risk factor as well.

What causes TA-GVHD?

TA-GvHD is caused by transfused blood-derived, alloreactive T lymphocytes that attack host tissue, including bone marrow with resultant bone marrow failure.

Who is at risk of TA-GVHD?

The risk factors underlying the development of TA-GVHD are incompletely defined, but it is commonly seen in individuals with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, transfusions from blood relatives, intrauterine transfusions and HLA-matched platelet transfusions [2, 3].

How do you treat a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction?

What are the symptoms of a transfusion reaction?

Potential symptoms of a transfusion reaction

• back pain.
• dark urine.
• chills.
• fainting or dizziness.
• fever.
• flank pain.
• skin flushing.
• shortness of breath.

What is transfusion reaction protocol?

As soon as you suspect a transfusion reaction: Stop the transfusion immediately and activate emergency procedures if required. Check and monitor the patient’s vital signs. Maintain intravenous (IV) access (do not flush the existing line and use a new IV line if required).

What antibody causes TRALI?

The etiology of TRALI may be attributable to the presence of anti-HLA and/ or anti-granulocyte antibodies in the plasma of multiparous females or donors who have received previous transfusions. TRALI recipients have no specific demographics such as age, gender, or previous transfusion history.

What are the characteristics of TRALI?

Symptoms of TRALI typically develop during or within 6 hours of a transfusion. Patients present with rapid onset of dyspnea and tachypnea, with an SpO2 < 90% on room air. There may be associated fever, cyanosis and hypotension.