What causes multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

What causes multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rare infection of the brain that is caused by the JC (John Cunningham) virus. People with a weakened immune system are most likely to get the disorder.

What virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

What causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)? PML occurs because of the JC virus (JCV) — named after the initials of the first patient identified with it. Up to 85% of all adults have the JC virus.

What are the symptoms of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

Symptoms

• Clumsiness or loss of coordination.
• Difficulty walking.
• Facial drooping.
• Loss of vision.
• Personality changes.
• Trouble speaking.
• Weak muscles.

What drug causes multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

Natalizumab, predniso(lo)ne, (dimethyl) fumarate, fludarabine, rituximab, and brentuximab vedotin were the most common single agents that have been demonstrated to trigger PML (Online Resource 1).

Can you recover from PML?

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the brain caused by the polyomavirus JC (JCV) in immunosuppressed people. There is no cure for PML but one-year survival has increased from 10% to 50% in HIV-infected individuals treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

How long people live with PML?

The outcome of patients with PML is mostly unfavorable, leading to death in 90% with median survival of only two months [3]. Historically, treatment of PML has rarely been successful in the absence of immune system reconstitution.

Can a person recover from PML?

What is intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa?

Intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the gastric mucosa is a relatively frequent precancerous lesion (1). The inclusion of IM in a gastric biopsy pathology report often creates uncertainty for the gastroenterologist about the appropriate management.

How does esophagitis cause intestinal metaplasia?

Chronic inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) or stomach (gastritis) can lead to intestinal metaplasia, a cellular change in the tissues. The cells in the lining of the stomach or esophagus change to resemble the tissues that line the intestines. This cellular change is a precursor to cancer.

Is intestinal metaplasia a precursor to cancer?

This cellular change is a precursor to cancer. What is intestinal metaplasia? Intestinal metaplasia is a transformation of the cells in the lining of your upper digestive tract, often the stomach or the esophagus (food pipe). It’s called “intestinal” metaplasia because the cells change to become more like those that line the intestines.

What is the difference between complete and incomplete intestinal metaplasia?

Complete IM, also called Type I means the new cells in your stomach most closely resemble the cells of the small intestine. This is considered the first stage of intestinal metaplasia. Incomplete or Type II IM means the new cells more closely resemble the cells of your large intestine (colon).