Table of Contents
How are MMPs produced?
MMPs are secreted as proenzymes, which are activated by proteolytic cleavage and regulated by a family of inhibitors called the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which are constitutively produced by a variety of cells.
What activates MMP-13?
MMP-13 has an predicted molecular weight around 54 kDa. It is activated once the pro-domain is cleaved, leaving an active enzyme composed of the catalytic domain and the hemopexin-like domain PDB: 1PEX.
What causes MMP-13?
Clinical investigation revealed that patients with articular cartilage destruction have high MMP13 expression [5], suggesting that increased MMP13 may be associated with cartilage degradation.
What degrades collagen?
Factors which can lead to collagen degradation include ageing (this is the main cause), disease, exposure to UV radiation and smoking. A typical form of collagen degradation associated with smoking is the loss of collagen in the skin, leading to premature ageing of the epidermis (i.e. wrinkles).
How do you inhibit MMP-13 enzymes?
MMPs have a conserved active site motif, where a tris(histidine)-bound zinc ion acts as the catalytic site for substrate hydrolysis. MMP inhibition can be achieved by chelating the active site zinc ion via Zn2+ binding groups (ZBGs), including hydroxamic acid, carboxylates, thiols, and phosphorous acid-based ligand.
How do you fight Brina and Calca?
Calca and Brina are fought together in a scripted battle on-board of the Falcon upon reaching the Overworld in Rydia’s Chapter. Only Luca is usable with Rydia being restricted to defending as Luca refuses to let her harm the dolls.
Where can I find Brina and Calcabrina?
Calca and Brina are fought in the Dwarven Castle when Golbez takes control of them. If left alive for long enough, the two merge into the more powerful Calcabrina (called “Calbrena” in the 1991 SNES Final Fantasy II U.S. release).
Are Brina and Calca playable in the after years?
Calca and Brina are playable party members in Final Fantasy IV: The After Years. If they are brought to the battle against the final boss, the cutscene where the people pray for the party will not show people praying for the dolls, but rather showcases Luca’s cutscene.
Are Brina and Calca in Final Fantasy 4?
Calca and Brina are enemies in Final Fantasy IV, and playable characters in Final Fantasy IV: The After Years. They are Luca’s reanimated dolls, the dwarven princess of the Underworld.