Table of Contents
What is a branchial arch remnant?
Branchial cleft remnants are visible birth defects that can occur on the neck. They appear in the form of sinuses or cysts and are problems with the connective tissue that form the structure of the neck.
Why do we have branchial fistula?
Branchial fistulas occur when one opening forms specifically between the skin and throat lining (pharynx), draining mucus out of the neck. Branchial cleft cysts occur when there is no external opening and liquid cannot drain out of the neck.
What is second branchial arch?
The second branchial arch cartilage produces the stapes, the styloid process, the stylohyoid ligament, and the superior portion of the body of the hyoid. The other branchial arch cartilages contribute to the inferior portion of the hyoid as well as the thyroid cartilage.
What is a 2nd branchial cleft cyst?
Second branchial cleft cysts are benign developmental cysts thought to arise from congenital remnants of the second branchial arch. Other branchial anomalies exist but are much less common than second cleft anomalies which represent >95 % of all branchial cleft anomalies [1, 2].
What is Second branchial cleft fistula?
Second branchial cleft fistulae are congenital anomalies of embryonic development of branchial apparatus with the external cutaneous ostium in the lateral neck connecting to the tonsillar fossa.
What is brachial arch?
Branchial arches, or gill arches, are a series of bony “loops” present in fish, which support the gills. As gills are the primitive condition of vertebrates, all vertebrate embryos develop pharyngeal arches, though the eventual fate of these arches varies between taxa.
What is 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Second arch The second pharyngeal arch or hyoid arch, is the second of fifth pharyngeal arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development and assists in forming the side and front of the neck.
Is a branchial cyst cancerous?
Purpose: Branchial cleft cysts are among the most common causes for a congenital neck mass. Branchial cleft cyst carcinoma (BCCC) is a type of cancer that arises from cells within these cysts. Despite the distinct criteria that have been reported for its diagnosis, BCCC remains a controversial entity.
What type of cartilage is found in the second branchial arch?
Reichert’s cartilage has been described as a continuous cartilaginous formation in the second pharyngeal arch and is the origin of several structures such as the styloid process of the temporal bone, the stylohyoid ligament and the lesser horns of the hyoid bone.
What is the second branchial arch?
Second branchial arch: Arch: stapes, the body of the hyoid, lesser horn of hyoid, muscles of facial expression, and CNVII. Pouch: palatine tonsil.
What is a branchial cleft?
Branchial cleft cysts are small fluid-filled sacs that may look like lumps under your skin on the side of your neck. These cysts are congenital, meaning they’re present at birth. Branchial cleft cysts appear at any age but are often found in children.
What does the second pharyngeal cleft form?
If the pharyngeal clefts are not obliterated by the 2nd pharyngeal arch, they can persist into adulthood as branchial (pharyngeal) cysts. They are typically located in the lateral aspect of the neck, arising at any point along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
What is a brachial fistula?
Branchial fistulas, wherein an epithelial tract connects the branchial pouch and cleft, are the uncommon manifestations of branchial anomalies. Such connections are often described as true or complete brachial fistulas.
What is the pathophysiology of second branchial cleft fistula?
Second branchial cleft fistulae are congenital anomalies of embryonic development of branchial apparatus with the external cutaneous ostium in the lateral neck connecting to the tonsillar fossa.
What are branchial arches in anatomy?
The branchial arches are a series of six mesodermal pouches that develop at the side of the primitive pharynx within 4-7 weeks of gestation (1). The aforementioned arches serve as precursors to the development of the structures found in the face, neck, and pharynx.