Table of Contents
What is phase 1 and 2 of drug metabolism?
Phase I reactions of drug metabolism involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of the parent drug, resulting in its conversion to a more polar molecule. Phase II reactions involve conjugation by coupling the drug or its metabolites to another molecule, such as glucuronidation, acylation, sulfate, or glicine.
Where does phase 1 drug metabolism occur?
Although Phase I drug metabolism occurs in most tissues, the primary and first pass site of metabolism occurs during hepatic circulation. Additional metabolism occurs in gastrointestinal epithelial, renal, skin, and lung tissues.
Where does phase 1 and 2 metabolism occur?
The enzymes involved in Phase I reactions are primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cell, they are called microsomal enzymes. Phase II metabolism involves the introduction of a hydrophilic endogenous species, such as glucuronic acid or sulfate, to the drug molecule.
What is the difference between phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism?
The key difference between phase I and phase II metabolism is that the phase I metabolism converts a parent drug to polar active metabolites while phase II metabolism converts a parent drug to polar inactive metabolites. Metabolism (drug metabolism) is the anabolic and catabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms.
What is first part metabolism?
The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.
What is the difference between phase 1 metabolism and Phase 2 metabolism?
What is first-pass metabolism with example?
Drug Absorption First pass metabolism can occur in the gut and the liver. For example, first pass metabolism occurs in the gut for benzylpenicillin and insulin and in the liver for propranolol, lignocane, chloromethiasole and GTN.
Do all drugs undergo phase 1 metabolism?
Some drugs undergo either phase 1 or phase 2 metabolism, but most undergo phase 1 metabolism followed by phase 2 metabolism. Aspirin (2-ethanoyloxybenzoic acid) hydrolyses to produce 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and ethanoic acid.
How to identify IPsec Phase 2 on particular phase 1?
– Proposal mismatch. – Phase II Selectors not matching (you will see this next). – PFS or Perfect Forward Secrecy. – NAT-T or NAT Traversal mismatch on either side. – And finally, Some remote firewalls such as Cisco, do not like Fortinet/Palo/Checkpoint etc groups on Phase II Selectors.
What are the phases of drug metabolism?
Both phases I and II metabolism involve drug anabolism and catabolism.
What is HCG diet Phase 2?
100 grams of veal,beef,chicken breast,fresh white fish,lobster,crab,or shrimp.
What are the three phases of metabolism?
Eat only from the List of Allowed Foods for Phase 3 found in part 4.