Table of Contents
What disease is caused by Plasmodium knowlesi?
Plasmodium knowlesi, originally known to cause simian malaria, is now recognized as the fifth human malarial parasite. Human knowlesi infections have been reported in nearly all the countries in Southeast Asia and in travelers returning from these countries.
Can Plasmodium knowlesi infect human?
knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium causing malaria in humans. The molecular, entomological, and epidemiological data indicate that human infections with P. knowlesi are not newly emergent and that knowlesi malaria is primarily a zoonosis.
How is Plasmodium knowlesi treated?
Both chloroquine and artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT) are highly effective for uncomplicated knowlesi malaria, with faster parasite clearance times and lower anaemia rates with ACT.
How is Plasmodium knowlesi transmitted to humans?
Plasmodium knowlesi is transmitted by the leucosphyrus group of Anopheline mosquitoes and transmission is largely zoonotic and restricted to the jungle setting. Humans entering jungle transmission sites are at risk. Since 2004, human cases of P.
How do you identify Plasmodium knowlesi?
Early ring forms of P knowlesi resemble trophozoites of P falciparum, whereas late trophozoite stages may appear similar to those of Plasmodium malariae. PCR is the method of choice to identify P knowlesi and mixed infections with P falciparum and/or P malariae.
What is the incubation period of P. knowlesi?
These parasites then remain in the bloodstream, periodically invading erythrocytes, causing hemolysis, and infecting new red blood cells. The incubation period tends to be 9-18 days for P falciparum, P vivax, P ovale, and P knowlesi, but P malariae has an incubation period of 18-40 days.
What is the incubation period for Plasmodium knowlesi?
knowlesi infections than white patients; the incubation period was longer (7 to 27 days); and the duration of microscopically visible parasites ranged from 2 to 11 days. Their blood was infectious for monkeys as late as the 36th day and noninfectious as early as the 28th day after inoculation.
What disease is caused by Plasmodium vivax?
Malaria results from infection with single-celled parasites belonging to the Plasmodium genus. Five species of Plasmodium are known to cause disease in humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P.
What is blackwater fever?
Blackwater fever (BWF) is a severe clinical syndrome, characterized by intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and acute renal failure that is classically seen in European expatriates chronically exposed to Plasmodium falciparum and irregularly taking quinine.
What are 4 types of malaria?
The Disease Four kinds of malaria parasites infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.
What causes dark urine in malaria?
Dark urine was not associated with kidney or liver dysfunction, but was related to bilirubinuria, hematuria and proteinuria, which can be early indicators of failure; dark urine must be studied to clarify its relationship with liver and kidney failure in malaria.
What is Plasmodium knowlesi?
Plasmodium knowlesi is a parasite that causes malaria in humans and other primates. It is found throughout Southeast Asia, and is the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia.
Is Plasmodium knowlesi malaria a zoonosis?
Human infections have since been described throughout South-East Asia, and P. knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium causing malaria in humans. The molecular, entomological, and epidemiological data indicate that human infections with P. knowlesi are not newly emergent and that knowlesi malaria is primarily a zoonosis.
What is the PMID for Plasmodium knowlesi infection in Malaysia?
PMID 18710577. ^ Lee KS; Cox-Singh J; Brooke G; Matusop A; Singh B (2009). “Plasmodium knowlesi from archival blood films: Further evidence that human infections are widely distributed and not newly emergent in Malaysian Borneo”.
What is the treatment for Plasmodium knowlesi infection?
Diagnosis of P. knowlesi infection is challenging as P. knowlesi very closely resembles other species that infect humans. Treatment is similar to other types of malaria, with chloroquine or artemisinin combination therapy typically recommended.