What does Gamma H2AX stain?
Phospho-H2AX or γ-H2AX- is a marker of DNA double-stranded breaks and can therefore be used to monitor DNA repair after, for example, irradiation. In addition, positive staining for phospho-H2AX may indicate genomic instability and telomere dysfunction in tumour cells and tissues.
How does Gamma H2AX work?
H2AX phosphorylation creates an epigenetic signal that is recognized by specific domains on downstream DDR proteins. Further, γH2AX facilitates DSB rejoining by anchoring broken ends together through nucleosome repositioning at damaged sites and a reduction in chromatin density.
What does Gamma H2AX measure?
Phosphorylation of histone protein H2AX on serine 139 (gamma-H2AX) occurs at sites flanking DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and can provide a measure of the number of DSBs within a cell.
How do you detect DNA damage response?
DNA breaks and lesions may be detected by PCR or using agarose gel electrophoresis (7). PCR is one of the most frequently used techniques for detecting DNA damage (7).
Why it is called Gamma-H2AX?
H2AX is a variant of the H2A histone. When DNA undergoes double-strand break damage, H2AX is phosphorylated by ATM (or ATR). This phosphorylation of H2AX is named gamma-H2AX (y-H2AX).
What is Gamma-H2AX foci?
gamma-H2AX foci formation is a sensitive biological dosimeter and presents new and exciting opportunities to understand important biological processes, human diseases, and individual variations in radiation sensitivity.
Why it is called Gamma H2AX?
What is DNA damage response pathway?
The DNA damage response (DDR) comprises a set of signaling pathways for the detection and repair of DNA damage and includes the MMR system for mispaired bases, the base excision repair system for small base modifications, the nucleotide excision repair for intrastrand crosslinks and pyrimidine dimers, the single-strand …
What are three ways DNA gets damaged?
DNA bases can be damaged by: (1) oxidative processes, (2) alkylation of bases, (3) base loss caused by the hydrolysis of bases, (4) bulky adduct formation, (5) DNA crosslinking, and (6) DNA strand breaks, including single and double stranded breaks. An overview of these types of damage are described below.
What is Gamma H2AX foci?
What is γ-H2AX and how is it detected?
Because phosphorylation of H2AX at Ser 139 (γ-H2AX) is abundant, fast, and correlates well with each DSB, it is the most sensitive marker that can be used to examine the DNA damage produced and the subsequent repair of the DNA lesion. γ-H2AX can be detected by immunoblotting and immunostaining using microscopic or flow cytometric detection.
Is gammaH2AX a marker of DNA double strand break repair?
The loss of gammaH2AX signal is a marker of DNA double strand breaks repair only at low levels of DNA damage. Cell Cycle 2006; 5: 1116–1122. Banath JP, MacPhail SH, Olive PL .
Is gamma H2AX a biomarker for cancer?
Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8: 957–967. Sedelnikova OA, Bonner WM . gamma H2AX in cancer cells: a potential biomarker for cancer diagnostics, prediction and recurrence. Cell Cycle 2006; 5: 2909–2913.
What is the role of gamma-H2AX in HP1 beta mobilization?
HP1-beta mobilization promotes chromatin changes that initiate the DNA damage response. Nature 2008; 453: 682–686. Kinner A, Wu W, Staudt C, Iliakis G . Gamma-H2AX in recognition and signaling of DNA double-strand breaks in the context of chromatin.