What are the effects of xanthines in the airway?
Xanthine derivatives are a group of alkaloids that work as mild stimulants and bronchodilators. Xanthine derivatives ease symptoms of bronchospasm and make breathing easier by relaxing the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract and reducing the airway’s hypersensitive response to stimuli.
What are the physiologic effects produced by xanthines?
Xanthines also produce numerous physiological effects including positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, decreased airway resistance in the lung, and respiratory stimulation.
How do xanthine alkaloids produce their pharmacologic effects?
Mechanism of Action A xanthine derivative that acts as a bronchodilator by directly relaxing smooth muscle of the bronchial airway and pulmonary blood vessels similar to theophylline. Therapeutic Effect: Relieves bronchospasm, increases vital capacity, produces cardiac arrhythmias, and skeletal muscle stimulation.
What are the side effects of xanthine derivatives?
SIDE EFFECTS: Dizziness, headache, lightheadedness, heartburn, stomach pain, loss of appetite, restlessness, nervousness, sleeplessness or increased urination may occur as your body adjusts to the medication. If these symptoms persist or worsen, inform your doctor.
How do xanthine oxidase inhibitors act?
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors reduce uric acid production by inhibiting the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that synthesizes uric acid from hypoxanthine, a purine derivative. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors specifically inhibit xanthine oxidase, without affecting the purines vital for DNA and RNA synthesis.
What causes xanthine derivatives?
Xanthines also stimulate muscle and cardiac cells and neurons. Xanthines can cause a mild diuresis. The xanthines have many minor side effects (anxiety, nervousness, tremor, headache, dizziness) but are largely well tolerated in the doses used to treat asthma and chronic bronchitis.
What is a xanthine alkaloid?
The xanthine alkaloids include caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline, and are well-known components of tea (Camellia sinensis), coffee (Coffea arabica), cola ingredients (Cola spp.), and cocoa (Theobroma cacao). These are obviously consumed in considerable quantity around the world.
How is xanthine produced?
Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase. It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. It is also created from xanthosine by purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
What are xanthine derivatives used for?
The xanthines, which are purine analogues, are non-selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase and also antagonists at adenosine receptors. Owing to their ability to relax bronchial muscles, the xanthines are used chiefly in the maintenance treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
What does xanthine oxidase do?
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important enzyme catalyzing the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid which is excreted by kidneys. Excessive production and/or inadequate excretion of uric acid results in hyperuricemia.
What happens when xanthine oxidase is inhibited?
In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces the production of uric acid, and several medications that inhibit xanthine oxidase are indicated for treatment of hyperuricemia and related medical conditions including gout. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are being investigated for management of reperfusion injury.
What is the function of xanthine oxidase?
Where is xanthine oxidase produced?
Xanthine oxidase is a superoxide-producing enzyme found normally in serum and the lungs, and its activity is increased during influenza A infection. During severe liver damage, xanthine oxidase is released into the blood, so a blood assay for XO is a way to determine if liver damage has happened.
What is the purpose of xanthine?
Derivatives of xanthine (known collectively as xanthines) are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in the treatment of asthma or influenza symptoms.
What enzyme is inhibited by Xanthines?
xanthine oxidase inhibitor
An xanthine oxidase inhibitor is any substance that inhibits the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism….Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors.
| Drug | Target | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Febuxostat | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 | enzyme |
| Febuxostat | Cytochrome P450 1A2 | enzyme |
| Febuxostat | Cytochrome P450 2C8 | enzyme |
| Febuxostat | Cytochrome P450 2C9 | enzyme |
How does the xanthine oxidase work?
What are the health effects of methylxanthines?
The predominant health effects that stem from these mechanisms are increased wakefulness and alertness during the day. Methylxanthines also have other effects such as relaxing smooth muscles, stimulating urine production and fluid loss, and increasing heart muscle contraction [ 16 ].
What is the difference between xanthine and methylxanthine?
Xanthine is a purine base that can be found in both plants and animals. Methylxanthine is a methylated derivative of xanthine. A class of drug that has been around for a very long time, methylxanthines are administered orally but can have significant toxicities.
What are the best natural xanthines?
Some well-known natural xanthines include caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. At least half of the world’s population drinks tea, which contains caffeine and small amounts of theophylline and theobromine [ 1 ].
What are methylxanthines and how are they made?
Methylxanthines are chemical compounds derived from the purine base xanthine. Some well-known natural xanthines include caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. At least half of the world’s population drinks tea, which contains caffeine and small amounts of theophylline and theobromine [ 1 ].